土著非洲语言在人工智能中被归类为服务不足,并且数字包容性和信息获取差。挑战是如何在没有必要数据的情况下使用机器学习和深度学习模型。 Kencorpus是一种肯尼亚语言语料库,打算弥合有关如何收集和存储文本和语音数据的差距,足以启用数据驱动的解决方案,例如机器翻译,多语言社区中的问题回答和转录。 Kencorpus是一种主要在肯尼亚说的三种语言的语料库(文本和语音):斯瓦希里语,Dholuo和Luhya(方言Lumarachi,Lulogooli和Lubukusu)。该语料库打算填补开发数据集的空白,该数据集可用于低资源语言的自然语言处理和机器学习任务。这些语言中的每一种都为语言语料库贡献了文本和语音数据。数据收集是由社区,学校和合作伙伴(媒体,出版商)的研究人员完成的。 Kencorpus有5,594个项目的集合,为4,442个文本(560万字)和1,152个语音文件(177小时)。基于这些数据,还开发了其他数据集,例如Dholuo和Luhya的POS标记集(分别为50,000和93,000个单词),来自Swahili文本(7,537 QA对)的问答对,以及将文本转换为Swahili(12,400句子)。数据集可用于机器学习任务,例如文本处理,注释和翻译。该项目还在QA任务的文本和机器学习语音和机器学习中为概念系统提供了证明,最初的结果证实了Kencorpus对机器学习社区的可用性。 Kencorpus是这些低资源语言的第一个此类语料库,并且是学习和共享类似作品的经验的基础。
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The need for Question Answering datasets in low resource languages is the motivation of this research, leading to the development of Kencorpus Swahili Question Answering Dataset, KenSwQuAD. This dataset is annotated from raw story texts of Swahili low resource language, which is a predominantly spoken in Eastern African and in other parts of the world. Question Answering (QA) datasets are important for machine comprehension of natural language for tasks such as internet search and dialog systems. Machine learning systems need training data such as the gold standard Question Answering set developed in this research. The research engaged annotators to formulate QA pairs from Swahili texts collected by the Kencorpus project, a Kenyan languages corpus. The project annotated 1,445 texts from the total 2,585 texts with at least 5 QA pairs each, resulting into a final dataset of 7,526 QA pairs. A quality assurance set of 12.5% of the annotated texts confirmed that the QA pairs were all correctly annotated. A proof of concept on applying the set to the QA task confirmed that the dataset can be usable for such tasks. KenSwQuAD has also contributed to resourcing of the Swahili language.
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We present a differentiable formulation of rigid-body contact dynamics for objects and robots represented as compositions of convex primitives. Existing optimization-based approaches simulating contact between convex primitives rely on a bilevel formulation that separates collision detection and contact simulation. These approaches are unreliable in realistic contact simulation scenarios because isolating the collision detection problem introduces contact location non-uniqueness. Our approach combines contact simulation and collision detection into a unified single-level optimization problem. This disambiguates the collision detection problem in a physics-informed manner. Compared to previous differentiable simulation approaches, our formulation features improved simulation robustness and a reduction in computational complexity by more than an order of magnitude. We illustrate the contact and collision differentiability on a robotic manipulation task requiring optimization-through-contact. We provide a numerically efficient implementation of our formulation in the Julia language called Silico.jl.
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Humans form mental images of 3D scenes to support counterfactual imagination, planning, and motor control. Our abilities to predict the appearance and affordance of the scene from previously unobserved viewpoints aid us in performing manipulation tasks (e.g., 6-DoF kitting) with a level of ease that is currently out of reach for existing robot learning frameworks. In this work, we aim to build artificial systems that can analogously plan actions on top of imagined images. To this end, we introduce Mental Imagery for Robotic Affordances (MIRA), an action reasoning framework that optimizes actions with novel-view synthesis and affordance prediction in the loop. Given a set of 2D RGB images, MIRA builds a consistent 3D scene representation, through which we synthesize novel orthographic views amenable to pixel-wise affordances prediction for action optimization. We illustrate how this optimization process enables us to generalize to unseen out-of-plane rotations for 6-DoF robotic manipulation tasks given a limited number of demonstrations, paving the way toward machines that autonomously learn to understand the world around them for planning actions.
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Deep Learning models are easily disturbed by variations in the input images that were not seen during training, resulting in unpredictable behaviours. Such Out-of-Distribution (OOD) images represent a significant challenge in the context of medical image analysis, where the range of possible abnormalities is extremely wide, including artifacts, unseen pathologies, or different imaging protocols. In this work, we evaluate various uncertainty frameworks to detect OOD inputs in the context of Multiple Sclerosis lesions segmentation. By implementing a comprehensive evaluation scheme including 14 sources of OOD of various nature and strength, we show that methods relying on the predictive uncertainty of binary segmentation models often fails in detecting outlying inputs. On the contrary, learning to segment anatomical labels alongside lesions highly improves the ability to detect OOD inputs.
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深度神经网络已成为3D医学图像自动分割的金标准方法。然而,由于缺乏对所提供的结果评估可理解的不确定性评估,他们被临床医生的全部接受仍然受到阻碍。量化其不确定性的大多数方法,例如流行的蒙特卡洛辍学物,仅限于在体素水平上预测的某种不确定性度量。除了与真正的医学不确定性无关紧要之外,这在临床上并不令人满意,因为大多数感兴趣的对象(例如,脑部病变)是由素食组成的,其整体相关性可能不会简单地减少其个人不确定性的总和或平均值。在这项工作中,我们建议使用创新的图形神经网络方法超越体素评估,并从蒙特卡洛辍学模型的输出中训练。该网络允许融合体素不确定性的三个估计量:熵,方差和模型的置信度;并且可以应用于任何病变,无论其形状或大小如何。我们证明了我们方法对多发性硬化病变的任务的不确定性估计的优势。
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最近在无监督学习框架中为多元时间表制定代表性的努力。这种表示可以证明在活动识别,健康监测和异常检测等任务中有益。在本文中,我们考虑了一个设置,在该设置中,我们在动态图中观察到每个节点处的时间序列。我们提出了一个名为GraphTNC的框架,用于无监督的图表和时间序列的联合表示。我们的方法采用了对比度学习策略。基于一个假设,即时间序和图演进动力学是平滑的,我们确定了信号表现出近似平稳性的本地时间窗口。然后,我们训练一个编码,该编码允许在社区内分布非邻居信号的分布。我们首先使用合成数据证明了我们提出的框架的性能,随后我们证明它可以证明对使用现实世界数据集的分类任务有益。
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已经证明,经过代码完成培训的大型语言模型(LLMS)能够合成DocStrings的简单Python程序[1]。我们发现这些代码编写的LLM可以被重新使用以编写机器人策略代码,给定自然语言命令。具体而言,策略代码可以表达处理感知输出的功能或反馈循环(例如,从对象检测器[2],[3])并参数化控制原始API。当作为输入提供了几个示例命令(格式为注释)后,然后是相应的策略代码(通过少量提示),LLMS可以接收新命令并自主重新编写API调用以分别生成新的策略代码。通过链接经典的逻辑结构并引用第三方库(例如,numpy,shapely)执行算术,以这种方式使用的LLM可以编写(i)(i)表现出空间几何推理的机器人策略,(ii)(ii)将其推广到新的说明和新指令和新指令和(iii)根据上下文(即行为常识)规定模棱两可的描述(例如“更快”)的精确值(例如,速度)。本文将代码作为策略介绍:语言模型生成程序的以机器人为中心的形式化(LMP),该程序可以代表反应性策略(例如阻抗控制器),以及基于Waypoint的策略(基于远见的选择,基于轨迹,基于轨迹,控制),在多个真实的机器人平台上展示。我们方法的核心是促使层次代码 - 代码(递归定义未定义的功能),该代码可以编写更复杂的代码,还可以改善最新的代码,以解决HOMANEVAL [1]基准中的39.8%的问题。代码和视频可从https://code-as-policies.github.io获得。
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基于观察到的图,对在关系结构数据上应用机器学习技术的兴趣增加了。通常,该图并不能完全代表节点之间的真实关系。在这些设置中,构建以观测图为条件的生成模型可以考虑图形不确定性。各种现有技术要么依赖于限制性假设,无法在样品中保留拓扑特性,要么在较大的图表中昂贵。在这项工作中,我们介绍了用于通过图形构建分布的节点复制模型。随机图的采样是通过替换每个节点的邻居的邻居来进行采样的。采样图保留图形结构的关键特征,而无需明确定位它们。此外,该模型的采样非常简单,并与节点线性缩放。我们在三个任务中显示了复制模型的有用性。首先,在节点分类中,基于节点复制的贝叶斯公式在稀疏数据设置中实现了更高的精度。其次,我们采用建议的模型来减轻对抗攻击对图形拓扑的影响。最后,将模型纳入推荐系统设置,改善了对最新方法的回忆。
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减少斑点并限制合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像中物理参数的变化通常是完全利用此类数据潜力的关键步骤。如今,深度学习方法产生了最新的现状,从而导致单位SAR修复。然而,现在经常可用巨大的多阶梯堆栈,并且可以有效利用以进一步提高图像质量。本文探讨了两种快速的策略,这些策略采用单像伪装算法,即SAR2SAR,在多个阶段的框架中。第一个是基于Quegan过滤器,并取代了SAR2SAR的局部反射率预估计。第二个使用SAR2SAR来抑制从“超级图像”的形式(即时间序列的时间算术平均值)形式的形式编码多个时间段信息的比率图像中抑制斑点。 Sentinel-1 GRD数据的实验结果表明,这两种多时间策略提供了改进的过滤结果,同时增加了有限的计算成本。
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